The Limitations Of Written Communication English Language Essay

The Limitations Of Written Communication English Language Essay Written communication is transmitted by written words in the form of letters, memos, circulars, bulletins, reports, instruction cards, manuals, magazines, handbooks etc. Written Communication generally moves downward. Upward communication in the written form is generally discouraged, or the workers are reluctant to use it. Dynamic management should encourage it by installing a suitable suggestion system under which workers are allowed to write their grievance and suggestions freely. Written communication can take place through the following modes: Letters: Communication though is a very old method. Under this the message is transmitted from the senders to the receiver though a letter. The receiver may give his response though another letter. Notice: When many people within an organization are to be contacted, notice is one of the best method. It is the most common method of mass communication. Memo/Memorandum: It is an informal message between members of a company pertaining to routine matters. Telegram: For contacting people at distant places telegrams can be used. Since it given an impression of emergency to the receiver, immediate response is possible. To convey the matters urgently and to take actions, telegrams are used. Telex: It is a device (telegraphic device) which has a facility to type out the messages simultaneously on the senders machine and the Receivers machine. It is a channel for sending as well as receiving messages. Telex messages can be used on a screen in share markets, newspaper offices, airports, railways stations etc. ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION : Written communication is used to issue specific instructions and orders to the subordinates. Written communication is the only way out when the message is quite lengthy and it is not possible to convey all the points through oral communication. Sometimes, written communication are also used to elaborate verbal communication and to keep a record of it. Written communications serves as a reliable record for future reference and can be used in legal proceedings. Written messages are more carefully formulated than oral communication. That is why, they are more clear and specific. Written communication is a cheaper means of communication when the parties to communicate are situated at distant places. It is very difficult to alter the contents of the written message. Response to written communication is generally well-thought out because the receiver gets sufficient time to understand and evaluate the message. LIMITATIONS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION : Written communication is more expensive for transmitting the short messages. It also takes long time to convey the message. Once a written message has been dispatched, there is little scope left for making amends for the inaccuracy that may have crept into it. If the written communication is poorly drafted, it may create misunderstanding and confusion in the mind of the receiver. It may lead to creation of conflicts between the parties to communication. Written messages give rise to queries for clarification and elaboration which lead to future loss of time an money. Moreover, written channels may be blocked due to bureaucratic procedures in the organization. Written communication is generally formal in nature. One cannot make use of postures to convey ones feelings and emotions along with the written message. CHOICE OF METHOD OF COMMUNICATION It is difficult to predict which method of communication will be used in a particular organization. In practice, all the three methods of expression are used in varying degrees under different circumstances. Postural communication is frequently used to supplement oral communication. Written communication has been found to be effective in the following situations : Executives give written instructions where the assignment is important and it is necessary to fix responsibility. Written communication serves the purpose of a record for future reference. Workers / Trade unions make use of written communication to communicate with the management formally and to get formal response from the management. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION In modern organizations, the use of computer-based technology to communicate is wide spread and becoming increasingly commonplace. The facsimile (fax) machine is now is key piece of equipment for sending messages between locations and use of the copier and electronic mail systems allow information to be circulated more widely and more rapidly than ever before. In fact many innovations including computerized information, processing systems, telecommunication system, inter and intranet have revolutionized the organization of today. As a result managers a can send (and receive) various types of communications to (and from) 1% or a group scattered around the world on their computer terminals and they can do so in their cars or via their notebook computers and cellar phones on the train. Several new industries are developing around information storage, transmission and retrieval that were not even dreamt few years ago. Organizations can design computer systems that allow designated individuals access to appropriate information from a database. For example, a computerized personnel system can hold information on each employees career history, references, performance ratings, pay progression, attendance record, disciplinary action and so forth. Access to the available information can be restricted in various ways. For example, job history, references and previous performance ratings could be available to the department head but not the immediate supervisor of the person. The same principles can be applied to any of the companys information systems including financial and marketing. INTERNET AND INTRANET Internet communication between individuals and business organizations of different cities, states and nations is increasing tremendously. Internet is a web of millions of computer users linked by telephones on thousands of interconnected networks. The reasons for the popularity of internet include : i)global dissemination, ii)quick and better interaction, iii)effective integration, and iv)facilitation of electronic commerce(e-commerce) Several companies have also developed companywide intranet systems for efficient internal communication. An intranet system makes available internal E-mail, company policies and directives and enables information sharing throughout the organization. It, thus, paves the way for a knowledge-based organization. EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLS Unified writing Coherence Unified Writing : Effective writing is always unified. There is a proper development of the topic duly selected. There is no digression in the development of the topic. The position and the stature of the reader is always to be kept in mind. Being Senior Manager, HR, of my company. I would need to use clear, concise and modern English in written communication in the business environment. Using a list format, write a set of guidelines including at least twelve items to advice staff members in my organization on how best to communicate effectively : Simplicity Use simple sentence structure. Complex sentence structure can complicate what you are trying to say and be easily misunderstood. Keep your sentences concise and to the point. Instead of saying I would like to schedule a meeting to discuss the pertinent facts of the case at your earliest convenience, say Please let me know when we can meet to discuss the case. Avoid Jargon Do not use jargon or language that only you and select group of individuals understand. Your written communication should be accessible to your audience, no matter who you are communicating with. Technical language and jargon should only be used when more simplistic language will not suffice. Specificity Provide specific details whenever possible. Avoiding writing in ambiguous or unclear details. Instead of writing I have a lot of experience working in this field, say I have worked as an engineer for three and a half years. Be Conversational Written communication is different from academic or scholarly writing and should be more conversational in nature. As a rule of thumb, write in similar fashion as talk. Read your message aloud to ensure that your writing sounds conversational. Ideas in Sequence Try for an average sentence length of 17 words. Introduce no more than one or two ideas per sentence. The average paragraph in a business letter is two sentences long. Long paragraphs often contain more than one idea and can be split so that each idea has its own paragraph. Avoid Gendered Language Avoid attaching a masculine or feminine pronoun to your writing. While it is technically sound grammar to use he or his when the gender is unknown or when referring to a group of people, the language may offend some people. To be on the safe side, do not use a gendered pronoun unless you are sure of the persons gender you are referencing. Avoid Passive Language Choose active verbs instead of passive verbs to add interest to your written communication. Write I drove to the beach on Saturday, instead of When I was driving to the beach on Saturday. . Using active voice will also allow you to sound more conversational, as we rarely use passive voice in verbal communication. Be Personable If you know the person you are writing to, acknowledge this relationship. Instead of using blanket pronouns such as you, use the persons name. Make the information you include in your written communication pertinent to the reader. Depending on the relationship you have with person, begin and end your writing with an appropriate greeting. Medium Selection Choose the right medium for your written communication. Whether you use email, text messaging, or a letter depends on who you are writing to and what you are writing about. If you have never used text messaging in the work environment, it may not be the best way to correspond with a coworker. Appropriate Humor Use humor in moderation, and only when appropriate for the situation. If you are unfamiliar with your reader, avoid making jokes so as not to offend the reader. If you have a good relationship with your reader, feel free to use humor in your written communication. Even if you know the reader well, avoid offensive or controversial humor. Proof Read No matter how good at writing you may be, it is critical to proof read your written communication. Check for spelling or grammatical errors in your writing. Make sure that what you have written effectively communicates the intended message. Write with a Positive Tone Establishing the right tone in written communications can make the difference between a positive response and a hostile one. To help create a positive tone :Avoid I. Instead use you as the subject of sentences to get the reader involved. Use the readers name, if the correspondence is addressed to one person. Replace negative words with positive ones. Instead of saying Dont hesitate to call me, try Feel free to call me. Words with negative connotations include: delay, doubt, difficult, fail, problem. Words with positive connotations include: glad, improvement, service, happy, contribution. Present ideas as possibilities, not as difficulties to be overcome. CONCLUSION Writing is always a deliberate action with a clear purpode. The purpose of writing is to communicate ideas, facts, impression, analysis, conclusions etc. A writer shares his or her experiences with his or her readers. However, it is true that the writer should know how much reading time he could seek from his reader or reads so that he succeeds in expressing himself. A good writer is that who succeds not only in making the best possible use of his time but also in presenting his or her matter in such a way that reading of which makes the reader willingly, with interest and with no sense of loss or wastage of time, extend the duration of reading thinking and further reading and finally contributing his or her best to the cause of writing.

The following piece of work is an analysis of the short story called Es

The following piece of work is an analysis of the short story called the signalman by Charles dickens. â€Å"The signal man† is set in the mid 19th century. The main setting is that of right beside a train tunnel where the main character the signal man stays to let trains through etc.The storyline is set mostly in the night time. The story has an eerie effect on me as a reader. While I was reading the signal man I picked up on the tense atmosphere. At one point early on in the story, there’s a moment which brought the tension to the story in a strong way. â€Å"He looked up at me without replying, and I looked down at him without repeating too soon.† I think this moment brings some tension as, it made me eager to see what was going to happen next. I also think that the silence of the signal man brings some darkness to the story. His silence made him seem like a sinister character. Charles Dickens describes him to use hand actions as well. In a strange way I enjoy how the signal man is so creepy. I think I find this, as it gives more depth to him as a character. â€Å"He pointed to the red light he had looked at†. â€Å"His manner seemed to make the place strike colder to me†. Throughout the story Dickens presents the narrator and the signal man differently. I feel the signal man is portrayed as lonely, quiet sinister character. â€Å"He had taught himself a language down here,--if only to know it by sight, and to have formed his own crude ideas of its pronunciation†. This shows that he has hardly any contact with external influences. I could imagine seeing the signal man on a frosty winter’s morning, feeling his stare, burning through my skin like a concentrated sun on paper. He works alone in the middle o... ...f the signal man, it helped me realise what Dickens meant by the certain hand gestures made by the signalman himself. Also it gave another level to the tension and the ending was more forceful as well. The ending of the story does its job well. It brings the little pieces that the story has accumulated together, explaining the truth about explaining things that I questions earlier on. Like why the signal man puzzled about why the narrator yelled "Halloa! Below there!† As well as the strange stories that the lonely signal man had spoke of. Even though the story was short and realistic, I would not recommend it to other readers. I think it has a good impact, but is not my type of book overall. It takes a while to engulf the reader, and when it does, the story is almost over. The ending is not powerful enough to change my thoughts on the story though†¦

The Effects and Implication of Mentoring for Beginning Teachers in the Philippines

Research Problem:The Effects and Implications of Mentoring for Beginning In-service teachers in Western Mindanao State University – Philippines Statement of the problem Teachers face many challenges during the first years of teaching, such as planning and implementing curriculum and instruction, conducting assessments, motivating students, managing student differences and behaviour, and generally feeling overwhelmed (Roehrig et. al. 2006).They are being asked to teach technological and analytical skills to students from a broad range of backgrounds, prepare them to read and write scholarly, to think critically, and to apply their knowledge to solving real-world problems. In other words, the skills teachers need to develop are both complex and demanding (Borko & Livingston, 1989). To reduce the challenges that new teachers face and to improve the quality of their teaching a popular approach was introduced purposely to provide support via mentoring which is prevalent in the US ( Roehrig et. l. 2006). In fact, beginning teachers are being required to participate in mentoring programmes, often as part of the process for permanent certification in some states in America. Unlike in some developing countries, like the Philippines wherein its department of education has been under-performing for years, and has no clear cut policy on mentoring program, professional advancement and in-service training to improve the teachers’ competence once hired (Luz, 2008).Hobson (2008) defines mentoring as the one-to-one support of a novice or less experienced practitioner (mentee) by a more experienced practitioner (mentor), designed primarily to assist the development of the mentee’s expertise and to facilitate their induction into the culture of the profession. Mentoring can have a variety of purpose or goals, can involve a variety of practices and strategies to achieve these purpose and goals, and can take place at different stages of a mentee’s profess ional development and over different durations.Based on this assumptions and preconception of mentoring, the primary purpose of this research is to determine the possible effects and implications of mentoring to novice teachers in my institution. Research Questions: This research project aims to develop insights into the mentoring process and seeks to explore how mentoring can assist beginning in-service teachers in my home institution in developing their confidence, teaching competencies , skills in motivating students as well as classroom management. Moreover, it seeks to examine my own lived experiences as a mentee.Furthermore, it aims to answer the following research questions below. ?As a mentee, what were my experiences that made me recognized the worth of mentoring scheme provided by senior teachers. ?How did these experiences assist me in becoming a more reflective and dynamic teacher? ?How can these experiences assist me in mentoring new teachers? Methodology: This research is an auto-ethnography that focuses on my own lived experiences as a teacher and as a mentee and the connection of my life story with the experiences of other teachers from my home institution.According to Ellis and Bochner (2000), an auto-ethnography is a form of study that makes the researcher’s own experience a topic of investigation in its own right. It utilizes data about self and its context to gain an understanding of the connectivity between self and others within the same context (Ngunjiri, et. al. 2010). The intended purpose of this study is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of my mentoring experiences, its effect and implication on my practice as a teacher. This methodology is suitable for this research because, according to Chang (2007), auto-ethnography is a qualitative research.As a research methodology, it takes a systematic approach in data collection, analysis, and interpretation about self and social phenomena involving self. This systematic and i ntentional approach to the socio-cultural understanding of self sets auto-ethnography apart from other self-narrative writings such as memoir and autobiography. Moreover, Ngunjiri (2010) explicitly emphasized that auto-ethnography is distinctive from other research because it is self-focused and context-conscious. The esearcher is at the centre of the investigation as a â€Å"subject† (the researcher who performs the investigation) and an â€Å"object† (a participant who is investigated). Auto-ethnographic data provide the researcher a window through which the external world is understood. Although the blurred distinction between the researcher-participant relationship has become the source of criticism challenging the scientific credibility of the methodology (Anderson, 2006), access to sensitive issues and inner-most thoughts makes this research method a powerful and unique tool for individual and social understanding (Ellis, 2009).Lastly, auto-ethnography is context -conscious, which means it intends to connect self with others, self with the social, and self with the context (Wolcott, 2004). The focus on self does not necessarily mean â€Å"self in a vacuum. † A variety of others, â€Å"others of similarity† (those with similar values and experiences to self), â€Å"others of difference† (those with different values and experiences from self), and â€Å"others of opposition† (those with values and experiences seemingly irreconcilable to self), are often present in stories about self (Chang, 2007).This multiplicity of others exist in the context where a self inhabits; therefore, collecting data about self ultimately converges with the exploration of how the context surrounding self has influenced and shaped the make-up of self and how the self has responded to, reacted to, or resisted forces innate to the context. Research methods To answer my first two research questions, I will use personal reflection and narrative inquiry as my research methods. Personal ReflectionPersonal Reflection as define by John (2004), is being mindful of self, either within or after experience’, as though looking through a window which will enable the practitioner ‘to view and focus self within the context of a particular experience, in order to confront, understand and move toward resolving contradiction between one’s vision and actual practice’. It is a process of examining and evaluating the impact of personal values, culture and beliefs in relation to certain issue.My own retrospection allows me to recount the support, assistance and emotional as well as intellectual guidance that were provided to me from my senior colleagues and how these support made me traverse the obstacles that were on my path during the first few years of my teaching. In addition, my personal reflection will enable me to envision the possible mentoring that I will provide when my opportunity to become a mentor com es. Advantages/Strength As it is about you it requires you to be honest and open about your life and feelings about a specific thing ?It is often used by the person researching and writing to explain how they have felt during the process and their reaction to the topic ?Allows people to learn from experience Limitations ?Should be used in conjunction with others ?Very difficult or Impossible to quantify ?Some topics could cause friction within the family Narrative Inquiry Narrative inquiry is my main methods to represent my voice and engage readers in my text.This method focuses on studying a single person, gathering data through the collections of stories, reporting individual experiences, and discussing the meaning of those experiences for the individual (Creswell, 2008). The use of stories, discourse and my personal history will be my way of describing my mentoring experiences as a teacher and as a mentee and critically reflect on its effect and implications in my teaching practi ces. Although my personal narratives will be the major component of my data, other individuals’ life experiences and stories will be also considered (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990).Strengths ?No need of comprehensive procedure to follow for it is just my own experiences. This means no standard formality involved. It is a matter of my availability of time and retrospective mood. ?Ability to present data accurately as I have a good long term memory. Limitations ?Risk of missing information due to memory fatigue. ?Some experiences may not be presented as it may have harm to third party. Although the stories are my experiences, by telling them may have an impact on the life of a third party. Thus to be ethical I may not be able to tell every story (Cohen et al, 2000). Limited ability to present emotional stories. I am not a confident writer, therefore my limited writing skills will be a limitation. Quality standards Any educational paper regardless of which paradigm the researcher p osition himself should have some quality standards associated with it. In the context of auto-ethnographic research, the standard use in judging the quality of any research needs to be considered carefully. Member checking Is basically what the term implies – an opportunity for members (participants) to check (approve) particular aspects of the interpretation of the data they provided (Doyle, 2007).It is a â€Å"way of finding out whether the data analysis is congruent with the participants’ experiences† (Curtin & Fossey, 2007). The usual practice is that participants are given transcripts or particles from the narratives or written stories they contributed and are asked to verify their accuracy. Participants may be asked to edit, clarify, elaborate, and at times, delete their own words from the narratives; although Creswell (2008) stressed that member checking is best done with â€Å"polished† interpreted pieces such as themes and patterns emerging from the data rather than the actual transcripts.Member checking can be an individual process or can take place with more than one person at a time, such as in focus group settings, as a discussion with the researcher (Doyle, 2007). Member checking is often a single event that takes place only with the verification of transcripts or early interpretations. Sometimes though, it is done at a few key points throughout the research process with some scholars recommending it be done continuously (Doyle, 2007). As the researcher I will regularly provide my other participants with their nterpretations of the narratives for the purpose of verifying plausibility (Curtin & Fossey, 2007) and asking: Am I on the right track? Did I understand this in the same way you meant it? Authenticity Refers to the reliability and verifiability with which the account of the event corresponds to the â€Å"real† details of the event (date, time, place, people, and words spoken). Truth claims can be made only if certain procedure has been followed to guarantee to the greatest extent possible that the researcher’s account matches or corresponds to the event.A study is authentic when the strategies used are appropriate for the true reporting of the participants’ ideas, when the study is fair, and when it helps participants and similar groups to understand their world and improve it. It means that there is new insight into the phenomenon under study (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002). I can only achieve this in my research through member checking. The data should be continually revisited and scrutinized for accuracy of interpretation and for meaningful, coherent conveyance of the participant’s narrative contributions (Creswell, 2008).Moreover, fairness is one of the standards under authenticity to make sure different constructions are presented, clarified, checked, and taken into account in a balance manner (Cohen et al, 2000). To ensure fairness, I will certainly involve all stakeholders in constructions and interpretations of data. I will make sure that the data collected are accurate in terms of a vis-a-vis agreement with participants. Transparency Is the benchmark for the presentation and dissemination of findings, the need to be explicit, clear and open about the assumptions made and the methods and procedures used.Seale, et. al (2004) recognizes the researcher’s need to be transparent and reflexive about conduct, theoretical perspective and values. The credibility of any qualitative study lies in the transparency of its specific paradigm assumptions. In planning, designing, and carrying out qualitative research there must be a conscious examination of research strategies, selection of participants, and decisions made in collecting and interpreting the data (Duarte, 2007). Methods of inquiry, which includes he procedures of data collection and data analysis and interpretation must be clear enough for others to replicate, and therefore must be transparent. This is possibly the important difference between qualitative and quantitative inquiry, the emphasis is on the procedures being replicable, and not the findings (Sparkes, 2001). Qualitative inquiry requires a thorough critical self-exploration of the researcher’s assumptions, presuppositions, decisions, and self-interests. It is important to stress that reflexivity must be applied to the entire research process, and is not merely a consideration of potential sources of bias.The researcher has a crucial participatory role in any inquiry. Transparency and reflexivity therefore go hand in hand, since without transparency, reflexivity is impotent, and in return, reflexivity effectively promotes transparency (Bruce , 2007).

Her Kind By Anne Sexton - 943 Words

The poem Her Kind by Anne Sexton is a story regarding the past. The narrator is explaining significant dark moments in her life. She briefly explains who she has been in her past life, which is structured into three stanzas. First, she depicts herself as a lonely witch, then a misunderstood cavewomen and lastly a victimized villager. However the most important characteristic of the speaker is that she is a woman and that is not something she is ashamed of, as she makes it clear in the last sentence of every stanza that she identifies herself as a woman. The tone of this poem is very calm and not at all angry. She is not upset about her life she is simply just telling the readers her story, which happens to be very disturbing and not at all normal. The tone is also quite haunting due to the author’s use of imagery to describe witchcraft. In the first stanza the author describes the narrator as a witch and how she is â€Å"dreaming of evil (3)† she starts to state true ch aracteristics of what this witch looks like â€Å"twelve-fingered, out of mind (5)†. In the second stanza the author continues to use a twisted fairytale image when she states that the woman â€Å"fixed suppers for the worms and the elves (11)†. Since elves do not exist in the world which humans adhere to know this gives the reader an extended image of witchcraft and fairytales. In the third stanza the narrator implies that she is dead when she states, â€Å"where your flames still bite my thigh (18)†. This leads the reader toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Her Kind By Anne Sexton749 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Her Kind†: The Experience of a Woman The poem â€Å"Her Kind† by Anne Sexton describes different scenarios of a woman. In the poem, Anne Sexton uses three different characters to explain that she has been each of them in some way. Society places a gender role on what women are allowed to be and how they should behave, condemning the women who do not conform, trying to change them into society’s perfect view of what a woman should be. While this poem shows the author describing herself in terms of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Her Kind By Anne Sexton979 Words   |  4 PagesAnne Sexton’s poem ‘Her Kind’ deals with the nature of a woman’s role in society and the alienation that that can bring. The 1950s perceived women as domestic and they were often expected to conform to the role of the housewife. Sexton constructs this idea of a woman with multiple personalities expected to conform to societal rules and norms yet is unable or unwilling to detain herself to these limitations. 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She refers to he rself as a possessed witch whose warm caves lay in the woods. Sexton uses analogy to express her house as the warm cave in the woods. This type of metaphor expressed how sexton feels about herself compared to society. Throughout the poem see uses repetation of I have been her kind. MeaningRead More Anne Sexton: Poetry as Therapy Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesAnne Sexton: Poetry as Therapy Many great literary and artistic geniuses have been troubled with deep depression and mental illness. Anne Sexton is an example of a poet with such problems who used her personal despair to inspire her poetic works. Not all of Sextons work is based solely on her mental health; but a good portion of her work is influenced by her constant bouts with depression. As she struggled to deal with her own marital infidelity and the problems associated with being a femaleRead MoreCreativity vs. Psychological Health of Anne Sexton1173 Words   |  5 Pagessuicide is considered and often attempted. 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In this paper we will be diving into the meanings behind the displaced â€Å"I,† the tone and reparation, and who Anne Sexton really is and how that affects what she is trying to let people see through this poem. The double â€Å"I’s† are the most important aspect of thisRead MoreFeminist Witches and Poetry1525 Words   |  7 Pages Thursday the 9th of April 2009 Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Eavan Boland and Anne sexton share more than just their love of poetry, they both incorporated female struggles and feminist ideas into their poetry. In a close reading of the poems Her Kind, by Anne Sexton and Anorexic, by Eavan Boland, the themes and the overall feel and struggles of the characters in both poems are very similar; they both use historical andRead MoreConfessional Poetry Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pages Confessional poetry was not purely autobiographical, but did often express deeply disturbing personal experience. (Academy of American Poets) Three important poets who are typically associated with the confessional poetry movement are Anne Sexton, Allen Ginsberg, and Denise Levertov. An analysis of selected works from these poets yields a deeper insight into the individual poets and the broad differences among them. Poetry rarely flourishes in a vacuum. As such, the influences and historyRead MoreAnalysis Of My Father s Axe 802 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"My Father’s Axe†, â€Å"In the Park†, and â€Å"Her Kind† Identity Analysis Weland La The composer of My Father’s Axe, Tim Winton, explores the universal themes of male identity in the modern age, throughout his short story. He utilises many relatable scenarios throughout his short story which conveys the stereotypical male identity in today’s society. â€Å"Jamie says he doesn’t know where the axe is and I believe him; he won’t chop wood anymore. Elaine hasn’t seen it; it’s men’s