Slavery Essay - 1964 Words

Slavery Essay From the 17th century until the 19th century, almost twelve million Africans were brought to the New World against their will to perform back-breaking labour under terrible conditions. The British slave trade was eventually abolished in 1807 (although illegal slave trading would continue for decades after that) after years of debate, in which supporters of the trade claimed that it was not inhumane, that they were acting in the slaves’ benefit, etc. Slavery was a truly barbaric, and those who think that they can control what another group of people eat, where they sleep, whether they are to live or die, or even whether they are to be bought or sold, are acting on a totally inhumane level. Slaves in the British colonies in†¦show more content†¦They often intentionally destroyed equipment. Slaves were kept intentionally uneducated, to avoid chance of rebellion which meant their skills were limited and industry was not an option. The largest problem with slavery was that it involved the oppression of a human being by another. Many people in 1807 after the Atlantic slave trade was abolished may have thought Britain should apologise for their role in the trade and how they removed Africans from their homes and villages just so they could work long hours into the day for a richer economy and be poorly treated by their masters. These people have many reasons for Britain to apologise for their actions against the African slaves one of them could be on how we used cramped conditions which can easily spread disease between the slaves and gave them poor food rations, chained them up with shackles for weeks and made them sleep on hard wood surfaces with less than half a meter between each other. They get sold for auction like farm animals would which is an inhumane thing to do. One of the main things that the integrity of the slave ships were British owned which shows that Britain came up with the living conditions for slaves and how they are fed and cleaned and transported across the Atlantic. Another reason for people thinking this is because we really just used them for labour and produce cheap products like sugar, tobacco and cotton which would then beShow MoreRelatedSlavery in Sparta vs. Slavery in Athens Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery has been a major component of human civilization all throughout history. People turn to slavery for many reasons, such as fear of different ethnicities and fear that these new foreign people will take over land that is not theirs. The conditions under which slaves work and live varies greatly by the time and location of which the slaves lived. Slaves play a major role in their society and contribute greatly to their communities, often forming one of the largest masses of the population. ThoughRead MoreEssay on Slavery1251 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery Slavery in America brought about a successful south but also proved to be one of the most terrible things done by humans to humans. Slavery became a way of life in early America. Eight out of the first twelve presidents owned slaves. People in the south benefited from slaves the most. Harvesting those huge cotton fields took many hands. That’s were the slaves became key to the success of the south. Slaves were predominately black Africans. Africans made up the majority but they were notRead More Racism Or Slavery Essay953 Words   |  4 Pages Racism or Slavery, which came first? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Racism or slavery, neither, this essay will document the prejudice against Africans from Europeans that led into slavery and racism. Prejudice issues in a dislike for an individual or group of these individuals. This dislike can simulate from many differences that are shared, religion, culture, system of living (government and social practice), or in some cases looks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Initially English contact withRead MoreSlavery Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pageshorror, loathing and indignation on examining the record of African slavery. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no parallel in any other part of the world. The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth)Read MoreDefending Slavery Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesDefending Slavery The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issue of African slavery in America in the antebellum by late eighteenth century and before the antebellum crisis as discussed in Paul Finkelman’s book: Defending Slavery. This paper will summarize the first part of book taking as a main topic racial aspects of the slavery. After the introductory summary , this paper will focus in two specific sections found in the second part of the book: â€Å"Religion and Slavery† and â€Å"RacialRead MoreEssay on Honor And Slavery2418 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Essay Honor and Slavery Perhaps one of the strongest elements of slavery is honor. Honor has had a wide range of impact in history, whether it was shaping major dynasties and hierarchies, deciding an individuals’ role in society, or family ties and marriages. This sense of worth, high esteem, or virtue was also manipulated by slave masters in order to control their slaves. â€Å"The slave could have no honor because of the origin of his status, the indignity and all-pervasivenessRead More Slavery Essay3127 Words   |  13 Pages The Slaves’ And The Slaveowners’ Views Of Slavery â€Å"That face of his, the hungry cannibals Would not have touched, would not have stained with blood;-- But you are more inhuman, more inexorable, Oh! ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania.† Shakespeare I chose the topic about slavery for my research paper because I thought it would be an interesting experience doing research about slavery. It is American history and the more we know about it, the be tter we can understand what is going on today inRead More Slavery Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesinstitutionalized slavery ended. Introduction I Can anyone of you imagine owning a slave? Can anyone of you imagine being a slave? Regardless of your answer, slavery no longer exists as an institution. Why? Thesis Statement: Technological advances brings an end to institutional slavery. Body 1 In the 1700s Britain emerges as a superpower. A. The British Industrial Revolution was the height of technology. 1. The Industrial Revolution loosened the grip of slavery. 2.Read MoreEssay about Indian Slavery and Islamic Slavery1504 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance in the development of the slavery as institution. However, as Cooper has pointed out, it is important take in account that there is not such â€Å"Islamic societies† as an homogeneous group of communities ruled by the Sacred Law. Instead, on each different place, the â€Å"Islamic slavery† was shaped by the local conditions and reshaped by the economic and social changes.1 The Islam was one of the â€Å"ideological frameworks† used in the African continent to justify the slavery of other human beings.2 The mainRead MoreSlavery Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery Essay Slavery was ongoing in the southern states. In the 1800’s many white slave owners believed that the African Americans were inferior to them despite the fact that â€Å"†all men are created equal†. They were forced into labor and treated like property. The slave owners justified their behavior and believed they acted caring and conscientious to their slaves. Truthfully, however, the slaves were mostly treated very badly, as Fredrick Douglas, a black slave, testifies. There were select

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View - Summary - 1074 Words

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View The majority of authors use literary elements to build up their story. However, the author of the short story â€Å"Barn Burning† uses one particular element to build up his own story in a very unique format. William Faulkner uses various literary elements in the story, but the most critical one is point of view. Faulkner uses point of view to develop characters, the theme, and the plot of the story. Faulkner’s use of point of view helps the reader understand who the characters are, how the characters develop, and aids in understanding the characters actions throughout the story. Faulkner uses a nonparticipant narrator as well as Sarty’s thoughts and views for point of view. This unique usage provides†¦show more content†¦However, the size of the house does not faze his father. Only a few moments later Abner purposely steps in horse manure, walks into the house, and soils an expensive rug. Faulkner’s use of point of view is critical to the development of the plot of the story. By entering Sarty’s mind the reader understands how he is developing. The narrator aids in the plot build-up by describing the events occurring in the story. The reader learns at the beginning of the story (scene of courtroom) that Sarty is already conflicted between family loyalty and his own morals. At this point the reader understands that Sarty will eventually have to choose between family loyalty and his own morals. All of this sets up the plot of the story due to the fact that the climax of the story is Sartys final decision of this confliction. He struggles with this confliction throughout the story which first establishes itself at the beginning in the courtroom. Sarty’s decision to tell Major de Spain of his father’s plan to burn his barn exposes his ultimate choice of his own morals over family loyalty. Major de Spain shoots and kills his father because of Sartys warning that Abner was going to burn his barn. It is only after Abner’s death when Sarty finds something related to, but not quite peace. Although there will be no more fires, lies, beatings, and violence, his father is no more as well. The use of point of view is crucial toShow MoreRelatedMisreading Scripture With Western Eyes844 Words   |  4 Pagessame following points and given a summary about the misreading’s and hidden points in the bible. â€Å"Misreading Scripture with Western Eyes† gives the reader well enlightened concepts to the bible that before might have been obscured, but now have been broken down into terms that people from the western part of the world can comprehend â€Å"such as ice bergs.† The author uses many a resemblances to the bible and how other supportive countries of our world see it inversely. The author uses these metaphorsRead MoreWhat ´s Knowledge Management?1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthus, what is really entailed is a rethink with a pro minence on the people side of knowledge management and such approach is the use of a knowledge cafà ©. David Gurteen and Dan Remenyi (2004) defined a knowledge cafà © as a mode of bringing a group of people together to have an open, ingenious conversation on a topic of mutual interest to share ideas and to gain a deeper collective understanding of the subject and the issues related to and surrounding that subject. This technique is all about theRead MoreCharles Baxter s The Art Of Subtext848 Words   |  4 PagesA story is only as good as the way it is told. The way a writer uses his or her words to say something is just as important as what they don’t say. Charles Baxter, author of plethora of books and university teacher, writes a craft book that goes deeper than the surface of writing and deeper than the words written down. In Charles Baxter’s The Art of Subtext, he discusses how authors can use the words they do write just as much to express what they don’t write. The first chapter, â€Å"The Art of Staging†Read MoreCritique of Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea758 Words   |  4 PagesSource Roper, Valerie. Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea. Caribbean Quarterly, 34:1/2 (1988:Mar./June) p.19 URL: http://pao.chadwyck.com/PDF/1319462795559.pdf Summary In her article, Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea Valerie Roper asserts that Antoinette is much more than just a narrator. Antoinette tells the story of her life but also illuminates the plight and circumstances of women as increasing self awareness dawns. The duality of Antoinettes identity representsRead MoreAssessment Of Teaching And Learning1400 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment for Learing (AfL) forms a critical feature of teaching in the present day – more and more it is becoming a focal point of the teaching practice. It is becoming a key component of lesson planning and is an aspect of teaching and learning AfL forms part of teaching standard 6 â€Å"make accurate and productive use of assessment† (Department for Education, 2011) and this includes both summative and formative assessment. Formerly, the focus of teaching and of lesson planning was heavily weightedRead MoreAnalysis Of Alice Munro s How I Met My Husband 1487 Words   |  6 Pagesdepict that the narrator has learned much from her experiences from when she was 15 years old. Munro does this to allow the reader to have deeper insight of the theme. In â€Å"How I Met My Husband† Alice Munro portrays the theme of delusion and self-deception by using an abundance of literary devices such as various forms of irony, characterization, and point of view. Munro is able to craft the emotional complexity of the story by utilizing the literary devices that are important to the creation of theRead MoreSweat by Zora Hurston Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesgets exactly what he deserves when his nasty plan for Delia backfires on himself, ironically becoming the victim of his own terrible prank. Hurston’s short story â€Å"Sweat,† depends significantly on her brilliant use of four literary elements: tone/style, character development, Point of view, and symbolism to reveal the themes of empowerment, faith, and justice. The story begins in a normal tone that prepares you for anything. It then switches to a different dialect of old African American cultureRead MoreShakespeare s Sonnets Of William Shakespeare1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthe perspective and views reflecting his personal life and feelings, others believe him to have written the sonnets from the invented narrator’s perspective. 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Emotional Vs Logical Reasoning

Question: Which one is more conducive when it comes to making life decisions? Answer: Emotional Reasoning People are emotional beings. Given this simple fact without pondering any further, the implication is that decisions made on emotional grounds create a better balance in our lives since we are feeding our feelings, without negating too far from our hearts desires (Gaudine and Thorne, 2001). Focusing on the example of a mother who decides to steal to feed her hungry children, logical thinking would probably lead this woman to find better ways, given the pros and cons of her actions. In this case, emotions play a significant role in leading her to the decision of committing a crime, as logic would see it. On the other hand, emotional reasoning tends to be too impulsive. It is those decisions that are made in the snap of a finger, especially in the case of danger of a loved one or self. Emotional presentations move the masses to action. Words that have deeply analyzed by ones own heart and presented in this way, lead proposals to acceptance and leaders to big seats. According to Gaudine and Thorne (2001), leaders that make most of their decisions based on emotional are grounds are often re-elected in democratic regimes. When the emotions of the masses are stirred, even decisions made will be profoundly affected by ones emotions, in the subconscious pursuit of contentment (Zeelenberg et al., 2008). Compassion and goodness encompass emotional reasoning. Given this, emotional thinkers are often carried in high esteem, as most of their decisions are compassionate and generous, only leading to good effect. Most emotional thinkers listen to their hearts and follow accordingly. Given that one is content with their decisions and bears no regrets even chances of disease and illness are reduced, leading to a stress-free life (Zeelenberg et al., 2008). However, this depends on the decision made. Finally, According to Damasios theory of the somatic-marker, defined bodily states may frequently occur in the experience of certain feelings or sight of individual objects (Becharra et al., 2001). For example, a ring from a loved one would consequently cause a sense of joy, warmth, and nostalgia to the owner. It is impossible to escape feelings and emotions as they are attached to everything we see and possess. In the light of this, emotional thinking is compatible with the situation and would result in better rational life choices. In the essay by Sweitzer et al. (2008), different individuals have different emotions and therefore different impulses when it comes to decision making. It is these feelings and sentiments that form the underlying factor after which logically comes in. Because we are emotional beings and based on the arguments above, emotional decision making is more conducive to making lifes decisions. Logical Reasoning When logic is incorporated into decision making, with the complete elimination of sentiments, an individual has a perfect and conducive model for making good lifes decisions. Consistent use of logic is even better, as a person stands a better chance of having no regrets at all even in the face of failure. Rational methods are used in logical thinking, where each viable option is critically weighed and analyzed. According to Anderson (2003), logical thinking is what builds people and nations by showing them the consequences of decision avoidance due to emotions. He further explains that we can live a healthy and full life if we are not slaves to our emotions. First, logic allows an individual to reflect on the values and beliefs pertaining the decision to be made. As such, it is because logic is typically armed with facts that can only be disputed by emotions within the person, of course, due to inherent bias (Hastie and Dawes, 2010). According to Phat (2007), logical thinking that is consistent and dependable always picks the best option available in the given decision situation. There are certain areas where emotional thinking would not, in any way supersede logical thinking; instead, it would just degrade the type of decisions made, as most of these decisions involve many different people. If a court magistrate were to make her decisions with emotional thinking, much bias would be included in the act. For one, no one would understand why the judge made a particular decision, giving the reason that it felt right. For one to make a decision with the feeling of it feels right, this person must be psychic, over confident and unwise. This is where logical thinking provides credibility to a decision, given the statistics, the testimonies, examples and case studies. In school, a student who thinks logically has a creative edge over the rest of his comrades and a better chance at succeeding by conquering more opportunities. Imagine that logic is the laying block for emotion. While using logic, individuals are easily persuaded into submission within their minds. However, within these same individuals, lies emotions attached to almost every smell, color, person, object, circumstance or even sight. Given that the mind lies in the individuals body, so does the heart, and both have powerful influences over the person, finding a balance between rational thinking and emotional thinking is probably the most conducive way of making lifes decisions. References Anderson, C. J. (2003). The psychology of doing nothing: forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 139. Bazerman, M. H., Moore, D. A. (2008). Judgment in managerial decision making. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making, and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307. Gaudine, A., Thorne, L. (2001). Emotion and ethical decision-making in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(2), 175-187. Hastie, R., Dawes, R. M. (2010). Rational choice in an uncertain world: The psychology of judgment and decision-making. Sage. Pham, M. T. (2007). Emotion and rationality: A critical review and interpretation of empirical evidence. Review of general psychology, 11(2), 155. Sinclair, M., Ashkanasy, N. M. (2005). Intuition: myth or a decision-making tool? Management Learning, 36(3), 353-370. Sweitzer, M. M., Allen, P. A., Kaut, K. P. (2008). Relation of individual differences in impulsivity to nonclinical emotional decision making. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(05), 878-882. Zeelenberg, M., Nelissen, R. M., Breugelmans, S. M., Pieters, R. (2008). On emotion specificity in decision making: Why feeling is for doing. Judgment and Decision-making, 3(1), 18.

Lenin Research Paper Essay Example

Lenin Research Paper Essay Lenin was and remains a highly controversial figure. Some demonized him, while for many other he was (and for very few contemporaries remains) nearly an idol and a symbol of the fight for liberation and freedom. The history turned this figure from once successful revolutionary into a person mocked or hated by many. Once his statues stood all over Eastern Europe, several decades later they were turned down in euphoria. Lenin, although now not as exciting and respected as once before, remains one of the most influential and divisive figures of the twentieth century. Origins of Leninism Leninism sometimes referred to as Marxism-Leninism, is a doctrine including political, social, and economic principles developed by Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. Experts argue that it is not merely a philosophy and not a pure political theory, but rather a collection of ideas, approaches, and strategies composed for a revolutionary purpose. What later became known as Leninism is mainly Lenin’s interpretation of Marxism to some extent influenced by the Russian anarchist Narodnik movement. Leninism was the leading ideology of the Bolshevik party and later in the Soviet Union and had a significant influence on the entire development of communism and history of the USSR. The core ideas of Lenin’s teaching or Leninism were developed throughout his life and reflected in his pamphlets What is to be Done?, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, and State and Revolution. These works became something like a Bible for several ge nerations of communists. We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lenin Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1848 Marx and Engels wrote in their Communist Manifesto that communism is â€Å"the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others.† This idea became the cornerstone of Leninism. Marxism is not something completely new or unnatural for our civilization. Its foundation is â€Å"a ‘moral economy’ of sharing and helping each other† (Le Blanc, p.94) which developed when people still were gathering and hunting because they would not be able to survive otherwise. Both for Marx and Lenin, this idea seemed the only fair way of our existence. Vladimir Lenin adjusted Marx’s theory to suit Russia’s mainly agricultural society. In the very beginning of the 20th century, Russia did not have what Marx considered to be prerequisites of a revolution – nationalism, irredentism, class warfare. Marxism was based mainly on urban or industrial workers, while Russia was predominantly an agrarian society. Consequently, Lenin had to adjust Marx’s learning to the needs of his country. He developed it further and revived â€Å"revolutionary content of Marxism.† Unlike many other Russian Marxists, Lenin did not merely predict a proletarian revolution but was eager to make it happen as fast as possible. Stalin later said that Leninism is not purely Russian phenomenon and can be applied internationally. Both Lenin and Marx saw in which terrible unfair conditions are working people lived, exploited by a wealthy minority. They both believed that under capitalism proletariat would never be able to live well and earn reasonably. They both knew that a minority is ruling the society and wanted this to change. Marxists believed that capitalism would eventually degrade and â€Å"only the working class could prevent this degradation and reconstruct society† (Le Blank, 2006, p.94). Lenin’s Goals and Vision Lenin has correctly evaluated the situation in the country. Dissatisfaction with the ruling monarchs was growing, and the economy was in a terrible condition. One of the Lenin’s primary goals was to fight against tsarism, and under this purpose, he was able to unite many dissatisfied classes of society. Everyone in Russia seemed to be unhappy with the regime. The workers were unhappy about the social order and low pay, soldiers were unhappy about the military system and the war, peasants felt deprived and were unhappy about their poverty, the middle class wanted more civil rights and reforms, and national minorities wanted their state. Russia had enormous internal problems, and the situation was aggravated by the involvement of Russia in Russian-Japanese War in 1905, and the World War I. Dissatisfaction with the tsar as well as the popularity of Bolsheviks’ revolutionary ideas were continually growing. Lenin wanted to establish a country of workers and peasants. Proletariat largely supported his and Bolsheviks’ interpretation of Marxism. Workers played the major role in every stage of the revolution. Bolsheviks were once only a fraction of the leftist movement. However, they have managed to win over many peasants and workers. Bolsheviks often used propaganda to gain over workers and were quite successful. The promised socio-economic reforms, better pay, working hours and conditions. Lenin promised the workers that they will be in charge of the means of production and that the working class, not the rich people, will rule the society – what he called â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry.† That was precisely what most people in Russia wanted to hear. Lenin was sure that trade-unions could not improve the situation and protect the rights of working people and summoned the workers to take power in their own hands. He explained that after a revolution his party would free working people and give them economic and democratic rights. Lenin wanted to create a republic instead of a monarchy and abolish private property. Peasants and workers massively joined in the Red Army. Some of them did not support the Bolsheviks, but they did not support the monarchists. Lenin believed that capitalism needs to be overthrown and it is possible only with a revolution – he did not find in a peaceful transition. Unlike Mensheviks, he did not think that capitalism could be adjusted or reformed, but rather that the power needed to be taken with force, even if the price to pay was a bloody civil war. In other words, revolution and seizure of power were the goals, and all the means to reach it were justified. Lenin was convinced that violence is necessary for self-defense. Nowadays, it seems almost hard to believe, but Lenin at some point in his life did want to establish a democracy and noted that it would exist when â€Å"all members of society, or at least the vast majority, have learned to administer the state themselves, have learned to take this work into their own hands.†(Le Blank, 2006, p.94) Under such conditions, Lenin believed, that a need for a government apparatus will become obsolete and that is when real â€Å"communism† will come. Lenin, as well as other Marxists, came to a conclusion that a highly disciplined and professional group of revolutionaries is needed to guide the masses through the revolution on its way to communism. He envisioned a state governed by â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat.† In Communist Manifesto this idea was also reflected -â€Å"the most advanced and resolute section of the working class of every country, that section which pushes forward all others† (Marx Engels, 1848) Rosa Luxembourg called it â€Å"the most enlightened, most class-conscious vanguard of the proletariat† (Franzosi, 1995, p.136) Some historians believe that this idea of one party dictatorship was not a central doctrine of Leninism. It became necessary under given circumstances to reach set political goals. In 1902 in pamphlet What Is To Be Done? Lenin wrote that working class if left on its own, would accept bourgeois ideas. To prevent this, he believed that a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries is needed to lead the proletariat. In his early years, Lenin still believed in â€Å"the full application of the democratic principle in the Party organization† (Le Blank, 2006, p.96). Later, in 1917, in State and Revolution Lenin confirmed that he preferred dictatorship governing style. Since a small group of trained revolutionaries was to guide the masses, it obviously meant that democracy and open voting are unnecessary. Moreover, after coming to power, Lenin and Bolsheviks were so scared of counter-revolution that they wanted to protect themselves in every possible way. As a result, the Bolshev iks, and later the Communist Party, built a totalitarian state, where the ruling party controlled all aspects of life. It is possible that dictatorship was one of the biggest mistakes Lenin made. Rosa Luxembourg wrote about it that â€Å"the elimination of democracy as such is worse than the disease it is supposed to cure; for it stops up the very living source from which alone can come to the correction of all the innate shortcomings of social institutions.† (Le Blank, 2006, p. 104) It seems like Lenin was a great democrat until 1917 and a great dictator afterward. On paper, he described almost perfect democracy, and in practice, he turned out to be completely the opposite. Maxim Gorky explains it in this way: â€Å"Lenin, Trotsky, and their supporters have already been poisoned by the corrupting virus of power† (Gorky, 1917) Lenin had a low opinion of Russian peasants, workers, and even doctors. Lenin knew that most of the workers had shallow level of education and too ignorant to effectively govern themselves. Of course, some of the important posts in the Party were occupied by the representatives of the working class. Eventually, what was promised as â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat† became â€Å"dictatorship of the Party.† Lenin considered that authority, centralism and discipline are the three main cornerstones of the party. He disregarded democracy and saw it as decentralization and was fighting for political autonomy and reformism. He favored top-down approach and preferred bureaucracy over democracy: â€Å"Bureaucracy versus democracy is in fact centralism versus autonomism; it is the organizational principle of revolutionary Social-Democracy as opposed to the organizational principle of opportunist Social-Democracy† (Read, 2005, p.69). By bureaucracy Lenin most probably meant the small central decision-making part of the party. He expected all the others including the lower levels of the side to obey. Terror After the Revolution Russia was the first country to try to build communism, and there were no ready-made solutions. When Lenin and Bolsheviks came to power, they did not have any experience and were not ready to deal with many of the problems. So terror became one of the solutions. When Lenin came to power, all other political parties were eliminated. Coercion, repressions, and terror played a significant role in implementing Lenin’s policies. Albert Rhys Williams, an American journalist, wrote, â€Å"They have abolished free speech, free press, free assembly. They have imposed drastic military conscription and compulsory labor. †¦ They have lowered their Communist ideals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Blanc, p.89) Alter the revolution, Bolsheviks from liberators became oppressors. Lenin was very well aware of the terror that was going on after the revolution. Only in the years between 1917 and 1922 140,000 opponents of Bolsheviks were executed by the secret police, the Cheka. These persecutions were carried out in ‘the name of the interest of the workers’. When Lenin came to power, Bolsheviks were a minority, so to preserve power, they tried to eliminate all their enemies, which included anarchists and Mensheviks among others. Some historians argue that terror was done not only to protect the achievements of revolutions but also to eliminate other revolutionaries and political opponents. Lenin even in his early writings before the revolution admitted that terror might be a necessary weapon. In the 1920s he wrote in one of his letters: â€Å"It is a great mistake to think that the NEP put an end to terror; we shall again have recourse to terror and economic terror† (Lewin, 2008, p.133). No doubt, Lenin knew about the terror and considered it appropriate. However, unlike Stalin for example, Lenin hated terror and repressions and saw them only as defense instruments. Lenin closed the Cheka in 1922. Personal Portrait Whatever is being said about him, Lenin was no doubt a genius. Max Eastman, an American writer, wrote about him â€Å"He is simple in his heart like a peasant who knows proverbs, but in his mind subtle and mighty.† (Le Blanc, p.90) Edna Ferber, an American novelist, admitted that „Lenin is sheer intellect — he is absorbed, cold, unattractive, impatient at the interruption.† (Le Blanc, p.80) Some biographers write that Lenin was a kind person who liked children and cats. At the same time, Stefan T. Possony, one of Lenin’s biographers, described him as â€Å"Self-righteous, rude, demanding, ruthless, despotic, formalistic, bureaucratic, disciplined, cunning, intolerant, stubborn, one-sided, suspicious, distant, asocial, cold-blooded, ambitious, purposive, vindictive, spiteful, a grudgeholder, a coward†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Blank, 2006, p.78). Nikolai Bukharin admitted that Lenin â€Å"didn’t give damn for the opinions of others† and Anatoly Lunacharsky noted that Lenin intentionally â€Å"surrounded himself with fools† so that they will agree with everything he says. (Le Blank, 2006, p. 106) At the same time, there are also opinions of others that Lenin did like an open debate. Tsar Tsar Nicholas II underestimated Lenin and his supporters. The last Russian tsar believed that the power to rule the country was given to him by God and was convinced that the people would remain loyal to him. Even after the Revolution of 1905, he was very reluctant to introduce reforms that would improve workers’ and peasants’ lives. He continued to order to shoot protestors and limit civil rights. Nicholas II ignored the warning about people’s growing discontent. He was sure that people still regard him as â€Å"god† and could not imagine that Lenin will come to power and never considered him a dangerous opponent. The tsar underestimated not only Lenin but other proponents of change and reform n Russia, the Cadets and the Social Revolutionaries. Nicholas II seemed to be wholly detached from the reality and turned both leftists and liberals against himself. He was convinced that Russians worship their tsars and are devoted to the church, who’s supported he had. Nicholas did not agree to democratize Russia because he was afraid to lose his throne. Despite all the signs, he continued to believe that Russian people wanted autocracy and monarch’s unlimited power. He missed his only chance to retain control by intruding reforms and modernizing Russia. The ruler agreed to establish a new legislative organ, the State Duma, which did not exist more than two years. Under such circumstances, Lenin’s ideas very even more welcomed by the masses. Lenin is one of the most widely published authors and one of the most controversial historical figures. Seen by some as an â€Å"enemy of civilization† or as a hero, most probably he was neither a demon nor an idol. Lenin had good intentions and high ideals before coming to power but was not able to execute the desired. Lenin’s efforts to build a society where â€Å"the free development of each would be the condition for the free development of all† turned out to be one of the greatest disasters of the 20th century. He wanted to create a free and equal society of peasants and workers, but when he came to power, he did not have enough experience, means, and knowledge to do it. As a result, especially during Lenin’s successor, the power has been completely taken away from the proletariat, and most of the achievements of the revolution were crossed out. Some historians hold Lenin accountable not only for his sins, but also for the fact that he inspired anoth er dictator of the century, Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler.

Role of Media in Society

Role of Media in Society Introduction In today’s society, the flow of information among the citizenry plays an important role towards the development of an informed society. To this effect, the media has been instrumental in ensuring that the population gets current news and information on different issues affecting various societies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Media in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguably, without the media, the world would consist of an ignorant population devoid of any relevant information relating to issues affecting their environment. With this in mind, it could be argued that the media provides the backdrop against which we make sense of any new conditions and information that we encounter in a world that is increasingly becoming globalized. Since its conception, the media has been hugely influential in the development of the society. The media can be used to drive public opinion, repor t on current news and advance some social values. The media is at best a complex genre which may be broken down into a large number of subs include movies, sports, music and news. Truth be told, football clubs would never have gained such a strong and wide fan base were it not for the media. In regards to change in journalism, Pavlik highlights on how journalism has been affected by the transformation of the new media (Fernback 163). In his opinion, new media technologies have greatly affected the traditional perspective of journalism. This he explains by expounding on the new journalistic trends such as changes in the contents provided to the audience as news, changes in how journalists work, structural changes in news organizations and changes that have occurred in the correlations between media outlets, journalists and different audiences (Fernback 163). These changes brought about by new media technologies have to a large extent led to the contextualization of journalism; a situ ation whereby journalism has become less objective and practical. On the same note, Palvik (as cited by Fernback 163) further notes that these new trends perceive journalists as interpreters of current events who in their efforts â€Å"empower the audience and reconnect communities (Fernback 163).†Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Palvik, the new transformations being experienced in media outlets can be attributed to the availability and emergence of online infrastructure, high degree of customization, instantaneity and interactivity that characterize new media. In his point of view, Palvik believes that such developments will at the end make journalism a better tool to promote democracy (Fernback 163). Evidence of such developments can be derived from the emergence of the internet and the online architecture that supports this vast source of information. Through online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia and the various search engines, people are able to access information and learn about different issues that affect their lives. In addition, students in all academic fields are able to do more research in their designated fields and as a result, they become more knowledgeable in these areas than they would have been while using the traditional means of acquiring knowledge. Similarly, the internet ha s also provided people with a global means of communicating and learning about each other through websites like â€Å"facebook† and â€Å"twitter†. People from different countries globally are able to interact and socialize in the comfort of their homes without the inconveniencies caused by travelling as well as the enormous costs that would have otherwise been incurred. These facts prove Palvik’s assertion that new media is at the forefront in empowering the masses (by providing useful information) and connecting communities (interactive nature of the internet, radio and TV talk shows e. t. c.). On the other hand, Preston (as cited by Fernback 163) contends that the transformations being experienced in media are as a result of political, social, economical and communication patterns rather than technological developments. Preston asserts that the interrelation that exists between social and informational sciences accompanied by non-academic and industrial liter atures can be used by media so as to develop an equitable society and ensure social order (Fernback 163). In his book reshaping communication, Preston uses the aforementioned aspects to develop a model that explores the social role of information and communication in societies today (Fernback 163). In his opinion, Preston argues that our cultural, informational and social bearings are hinged not on technological advancements, but on the socioeconomic, political and communication trends that we adapt (Fernback 164). In this regard, it can arguably be stated that the role of the media in society is not determined by technological advancements, but by the socio-technical paradigm (Fernback 164). The positive view of the media has greatly been challenged with time. No longer do the various media outlets stand out as the ‘last front were nobility and idealism still had a foothold.’ Instead, the media just like any other business has been influenced by competition and ratings . As such, it has been noted for a fact that media outlets do at times express their own biased opinions which may not always be ideal or noble at that. For example, Gay Talese attests to the fact that the New York Times editor Gerald Boyd refused to print a story about an interracial wedding simply because it never emphasized on Black victimization (Kramer, Meyers and Rothstein 575). According to Gay Talese, any story that would soften the perception people had on such issues was disallowed and could not be printed (Kramer, Meyers and Rothstein 575). In this case, the Media’s actions which were previously perceived as being selfless and socially motivated have been exposed to not always have been driven by benevolence. These actions are at times resounded with self interests and personal gains for the media houses and the corporations that sponsor them. The previous view of the media’s ability to correctly reflect on the society’s mood has also been greatly que stioned as the media does at time appear to affect the set the society’s mood as opposed to reflecting it through the use of propaganda. (Kramer, Meyers and Rothstein suggest that the one of the media’s greatest power is in its ability to subtly influence our opinion (575). They further assert that in events that elicit a lot of public opinion, propaganda plays a great role and polarizes people along lines that they may not necessarily have taken had they not been persuaded to do so. This subtle psychological nudges can be used to further the cause of big corporations in the form of advertisements or by politicians who want to sway public opinions for their own good. To this effect, the people’s previous trust in the media report has therefore been greatly clouded by this realization. In terms of the unbiased reporting which had for a long time been viewed to be the hallmark of the popular media, it has been noted that some media reports are actually aimed at ma king the recipient of the information form a certain pre-determined opinion thus destroying any illusion of un-biasness (Kramer, Meyers and Rothstein 575). Media outlets can therefore set out to further some social cause which they believe in. Using the cultivation theory, Burton propose that exposure to some kinds of media often cultivate certain attitudes and values (Steffen 455). As an example, Steffen sheds some light on how Arab media has in the recent past adopted the western form of journalism and media presentation (455). In this regard, the author states that even journalists from countries such as Egypt and other Arabic countries which has stringent media policies accept western media values such as accuracy and balance (Steffen 455). As such, the reporter’s opinions and attitude will rub on the general population thus coloring their view of some events. In addition, the aforementioned assertion that advertisement aired in different media outlets is aimed at making the consumer better informed has been changed by evidence which strongly suggests that advertisements are aimed at actively influencing the decision that the consumer makes or may make in future (Steffen 456). What this means is that advertisement is no longer a primary tool for marketing, instead, it has been used to combat the aggressive competition. To this effect, only the consumers suffer because the advertisements no longer help them make informed decisions about the products but instead, the advertisements influence their judgments by giving half-truths. An especially troubling fact that revealed through various research efforts is that uncontrolled media in some instances leads to desensitization of the population on issues such as violence. Continuous exposure to media violence especially on the young and impressionable segment of the population can lead to catastrophic results as has been witnessed before in the various random shootouts that occur in our schools. Research shows that media violence encourages aggressive behavior and leads to pessimism in children (Burton 123; Steffen 456). This information contradicts the aforementioned perception of the media as a guardian and propagator of social values since the compelling evidence presented by research showed that media also leads to breaking of social values and leads to a disruption of harmony through the violence it encourages. On the same note, rampant advertisements through media outlets have in the recent past characterized modern media. These advertisements aim at influencing the consumer to maintain or develop some form of ideology (Bernt 194). This close relationship that media and advertising have developed raises concerns over the influences that the media may be willing to wield so as to achieve the advertising objectives. A closer observation of the movies and other entertainment forms presented by the media revealed heavy advertisements therein. These rampant acts of branding were pr eviously unknown to many and their effect though unconsciously administered is substantial. The medias promotion of social values is also at times only used as a cover to influence consumers by use of advertisement (Fernback 164). Due to these advertisements, naive recipients of the information presented are unwittingly influenced into buying the products that the particular advertisements promote. This is at best a very irresponsible behavior by the media since most people are favorably disposed to agree with sentiments that are projected by the media. These misuses of social issues as a marketing tool have also changed the positive role that the media was supposed to deliver. This is mainly due to the fact that the media is being used as a tool for furthering the objectives of corporations at the cost of an unsuspecting population. Conclusion The role played by the media in today’s society cannot be understated. However, caution should be taken because as expressed in this study, not all media is healthy. Through this research, the knowledge that has been transferred herein should not make the public skeptical of the media but should help them become more skeptical about the issues being addressed through various media outlets. This will invariably transform them from being passive, unquestioning and all-believing recipients, to active and questioning recipients of the information which is provided by the media. Nevertheless, a free and vibrant media is necessary for the good of the society. An unfettered media is the hallmark of a truly unbiased society. However, one should adopt a more questioning stance when dealing with any information provided by the media. Bellah, Robert. ET AL.Community, Commitment, and Individuality. Literacies: Reading, Writing, Interpretation. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000. 65-74. Print. Bernt, Joseph. P. â€Å"Ads, Fads, and Consumer Culture: Advertisings Impact on American Character and Society.† Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 78.1 (2001): 193-194. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. Fernback, Jan. Journalism and New Media / Reshaping Communications: Technology, Information and Social Change.†Journalism Mass Communication Educator 57.2 (2002): 162-164. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. Kramer Hilton, Michael Meyers and Edward Rothstein. The media and our countrys agenda.† Partisan Review 69.4 (2002): 574-606. Research Library, ProQuest. Web. Steffen, Brian. J. â€Å"Media and Society: Critical Perspectives.† Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 83.2 (2006): 455-456. Research Library, ProQuest. Web.

Bohr Model of the Atom - Overview and Examples

Bohr Model of the Atom s The Bohr Model has an atom consisting of a small, positively-charged nucleus orbited by negatively-charged electrons. Heres a closer look at the Bohr Model, which is sometimes called the Rutherford-Bohr Model. Overview of the Bohr Model Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr Model of the Atom in 1915. Because the Bohr Model is a modification of the earlier Rutherford Model, some people call Bohrs Model the Rutherford-Bohr Model. The modern model of the atom is based on quantum mechanics. The Bohr Model contains some errors, but it is important because it describes most of the accepted features of atomic theory without all of the high-level math of the modern version. Unlike earlier models, the Bohr Model explains the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. The Bohr Model is a planetary model in which the negatively-charged electrons orbit a small, positively-charged nucleus similar to the planets orbiting the Sun (except that the orbits are not planar). The gravitational force of the solar system is mathematically akin to the Coulomb (electrical) force between the positively-charged nucleus and the negatively-charged electrons. Main Points of the Bohr Model Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.Radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another. Bohr Model of Hydrogen The simplest example of the Bohr Model is for the hydrogen atom (Z 1) or for a hydrogen-like ion (Z 1), in which a negatively-charged electron orbits a small positively-charged nucleus. Electromagnetic energy will be absorbed or emitted if an electron moves from one orbit to another. Only certain electron orbits are permitted. The radius of the possible orbits increases as n2, where n is the principal quantum number. The 3 → 2 transition produces the first line of the Balmer series. For hydrogen (Z 1) this produces a photon having wavelength 656 nm (red light). Bohr Model for Heavier Atoms Heavier atoms contain more protons in the nucleus than the hydrogen atom. More electrons were required to cancel out the positive charge of all of these protons. Bohr believed each electron orbit could only hold a set number of electrons. Once the level was full, additional electrons would be bumped up to the next level. Thus, the Bohr model for heavier atoms described electron shells. The model explained some of the atomic properties of heavier atoms, which had never been reproduced before. For example, the shell model explained why atoms got smaller moving across a period (row) of the periodic table, even though they had more protons and electrons. It also explained why the noble gases were inert and why atoms on the left side of the periodic table attract electrons, while those on the right side lose them. However, the model assumed electrons in the shells didnt interact with each other and couldnt explain why electrons seemed to stack in an irregular manner. Problems with the Bohr Model It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle because it considers electrons to have both a known radius and orbit.The Bohr Model provides an incorrect value for the ground state orbital angular momentum.It makes poor predictions regarding the spectra of larger atoms.It does not predict the relative intensities of spectral lines.The Bohr Model does not explain fine structure and hyperfine structure in spectral lines.It does not explain the Zeeman Effect. Refinements and Improvements to the Bohr Model The most prominent refinement to the Bohr model was the Sommerfeld model, which is sometimes called the Bohr-Sommerfeld model. In this model, electrons travel in elliptical orbits around the nucleus rather than in circular orbits. The Sommerfeld model was better at explaining atomic spectral effects, such the Stark effect in spectral line splitting. However, the model couldnt accommodate the magnetic quantum number. Ultimately, the Bohr model and models based upon it were replaced Wolfgang Paulis model based on quantum mechanics in 1925. That model was improved to produce the modern model, introduced by Erwin Schrodinger in 1926. Today, the behavior of the hydrogen atom is explained using wave mechanics to describe atomic orbitals. Sources Lakhtakia, Akhlesh; Salpeter, Edwin E. (1996). Models and Modelers of Hydrogen. American Journal of Physics. 65 (9): 933. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65..933L. doi:10.1119/1.18691Linus Carl Pauling (1970). Chapter 5-1.  General Chemistry  (3rd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.Niels Bohr (1913). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (151): 1–24. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955Niels Bohr (1914). The spectra of helium and hydrogen. Nature. 92 (2295): 231–232. doi:10.1038/092231d0

What is the purpose of on-line video sharing Essay

What is the purpose of on-line video sharing - Essay Example This type of online free video hosting websites has offered an open opportunity to share and offer the facility to watch video of everyone on the web. Additionally, the online video sharing websites helps anyone connect to the website to share and upload videos easily. However, the basic aim of this type of video sharing is to share someone’s ideas, views, likings, and disliking with other people. In addition, at the present the online video sharing websites have become active and popular due to their free of cost services. These websites allow the small independent video publishers the capability to share and publish personal, event, entertainment or some public video files to anyone without size related problems (Loeffler, 2009) and (Robertson, 2007). According to the recent research, one-half of all participants shared videos via e-mail to family and friends. Twenty-three percent participants used social networks to sent videos out to friends, 21 percent used instant messengers and 14 percent people used video-sharing web sites for instance YouTube and Hulu to share videos to their friends. Additionally, according to same research YouTube was the most commonly used web site for sharing, finding and watching video online, after that music sites, e-mail, Yahoo! and other news sites. In addition, this video sharing appears to take place mostly among close friends, relatives, and colleagues, since 72 percent of participants shared video to just one, two or three people (Hotel Marketing, 2009) The answer to this question is that we live in a society, we want to meet people, we want to share things and want to view and present our ideas to others. Another new aspect that emerges in 21st century is defining the way of entertainment by us. In the past, TV, Film, or Radio presented and defined the ways of entertainment. However, in this age of internet and web based technology firms for instance YouTube and

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction Essay

Rehabilitation and Treatment of Methamphetamine Addiction - Essay Example Most of those who are affected are the poor because the drug is much cheaper and the effects last longer than those of cocaine. Cruickshank and Dyer (2009) explain that the chemicals used in making the drug have toxic waste that is quite explosive. The toxins that remain behind after cooking methamphetamine are also risky to those who stay in the neighborhood where methamphetamine laboratories previously existed. For total cleanliness of such laboratories, there should be complete overhaul of the structure with absorbent materials like carpets being destroyed together with sinks, drains and toilets and after the new structures have been fitted, thorough inspection should be carried out by a qualified health worker. The rehabilitation and treatment of the addicts is dependent on the attitude of the health workers. This is also affected by the existence of myths surrounding the treatment of addicts. Some beliefs state that whether addicts seek treatment or not, they still continue usin g the drug. This however improves with the health workers realizing that the treatment involves doing away with the involuntary desire to continue using the drug. The treatment process requires referrals for psychiatric treatment. When there is commitment on the part of the addict and the health care provider, addiction of methamphetamine is treatable. Assessment and management of withdrawal symptoms is important in the recovery process. The objective of the study is to determine whether emergency health departments address issues related to health including drug abuse. Also it determines whether health centers in Kansas have policies put in place to provide care and treatment to addicts.... addition to the availability of formal protocols. Proper application of the above provisions will reduce the health, financial and environmental effects of the drug. The findings of the study help in making the public aware of the fact that the location of a hospital does not influence acquisition of quality health care unless the facility is equipped with adequate facilities. Those practicing nursing should also know that the process of taking good care of addicts is fundamental in their recovery and that the notion of addiction being a voluntary decision is largely misguided. They should also formulate and implement policies consistently for effective treatment so as to avoid the destructive effects of addiction.The study is however limited because of the use of telephones for interviews. Therefore, there is no surety that the person answering the call is the best representative of the emergency department of the specific health facility. The sample size is small and may fail in so me respects adequately represent the population.

Affirmative Action PRO vs. CON Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action PRO vs. CON Essay The 108th Congress of the United States brought up the debate of whether to allow public institutions to adopt the Affirmative Action, allowing minorities to have higher opportunities than the majority. Although no specific stand was approached, it clearly shows the growing interest of people on the act of Affirmative Action. I am pro Affirmative Action when dealing with public institutions. However, I believe a private institution should practice equality. Affirmative Action compensates for the past faults and biased treatments toward minorities, provides ample opportunities to unprivileged people who currently cant be accepted to institutions, and could rid of the biased view many people still have on minorities. Looking back on American history, we can clearly see many prejudiced acts and viewpoints towards the minorities. The most obvious example is with African Americans. Now at present times, Affirmative Action can and will compensate to a degree the hurts and pains minorities suffered. Although people call America the land of opportunity, many people, consisting largely of minorities, never get a chance to succeed. Many colleges screen applicants with a biased standard, calling it tradition. Companies and institutions prevent employees from receiving full privileges, shouting company regulations. Affirmative Action can tear down those obstacles and false standards giving those underprivileged new opportunities. When Asians fluctuated to the United States during the gold rush, many locals responded violently thinking they will take all the jobs there were. Even today, a number of people still hold biased views toward the minorities. It is evident on the existing practices of the Ku Klux Klan. Affirmative Action can change much of those biased views and allow the minorities to be accepted in the eyes of others. Although Affirmative Action should apply to public institutions, equality should be practiced in private institutions. Equal treatments should allow others to participate on making a non-discriminatory system. Equality, not favoritism, should be standards on private institutions. However, on the overall view, I stand pro on Affirmative Action.

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee Essay -- English Litera

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee How a Couple Denies Reality by Escaping into a World of Fantasy --------------------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Edward Albee’s account of the strange relationship between George and Martha was an award-winning Broadway play and a cinema classic. As a drama, it succeeds on all levels. But like all great dramatic works, it is much more than an absorbing story.To understand their mutual cruelty and their failure to accept the world around them, we must understand why they are what they are. The following examination of the leading characters and the drama’s underlying themes will help us understand the root causes and motivations for their actions and also the means the couple use to escape from reality. One way to escape from reality is by playing a series of games. Games abound in the play. Several are mentioned explicitly: humiliate the host, hump the hostess, get the guest, bringing up baby. For the last game ,it is George who invents the rules. Martha is a build on mother whose George invented the attributes, the behaviour toward the child. The Imaginary son has both a negative and positive aspect. It is positive because the couple share a common secret and negative because the couple claim ownership of this fantasy, as for example ;when they fight for their son’s eye colour. It is negative because they used the child in a rivalry game. This game is used by George to humiliate Martha. He said (l.126)†The kid grow up neurotic ,with Martha here carrying on the way she does: sleeping till four o’clock in the afternoon ,climbing over the poor bastard.† The same game is used by Martha to blackmail George (p19 act 1).Martha ... ...unction better as a real couple in the future, and no more as a fictional one. Maybe Albee will tell us that one cannot always live in a fictional world, one day one must confront our fears instead of trying to escape. To conclude, as we have seen, the way couples try to escape from reality that has become too difficult to face is to create illusions for themselves by making up stories, by playing games, by building up false images of reality. But one cannot eternally escape from reality, one day one must take off our mask and find out our real identity and face our problems. It is what happen to George and Martha. 1. Edward ,Albee.1962. who is afraid of Virginia Woolf .penguin plays, London 2. Liliane ,Kerjan 1977.Le theatre d’Edward Albee .university of Ferrand,.Lille 3. Samuel ,Beckett 1999.Waiting for Godot . midnight edition.Normandy. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee Essay -- English Litera Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee How a Couple Denies Reality by Escaping into a World of Fantasy --------------------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Edward Albee’s account of the strange relationship between George and Martha was an award-winning Broadway play and a cinema classic. As a drama, it succeeds on all levels. But like all great dramatic works, it is much more than an absorbing story.To understand their mutual cruelty and their failure to accept the world around them, we must understand why they are what they are. The following examination of the leading characters and the drama’s underlying themes will help us understand the root causes and motivations for their actions and also the means the couple use to escape from reality. One way to escape from reality is by playing a series of games. Games abound in the play. Several are mentioned explicitly: humiliate the host, hump the hostess, get the guest, bringing up baby. For the last game ,it is George who invents the rules. Martha is a build on mother whose George invented the attributes, the behaviour toward the child. The Imaginary son has both a negative and positive aspect. It is positive because the couple share a common secret and negative because the couple claim ownership of this fantasy, as for example ;when they fight for their son’s eye colour. It is negative because they used the child in a rivalry game. This game is used by George to humiliate Martha. He said (l.126)†The kid grow up neurotic ,with Martha here carrying on the way she does: sleeping till four o’clock in the afternoon ,climbing over the poor bastard.† The same game is used by Martha to blackmail George (p19 act 1).Martha ... ...unction better as a real couple in the future, and no more as a fictional one. Maybe Albee will tell us that one cannot always live in a fictional world, one day one must confront our fears instead of trying to escape. To conclude, as we have seen, the way couples try to escape from reality that has become too difficult to face is to create illusions for themselves by making up stories, by playing games, by building up false images of reality. But one cannot eternally escape from reality, one day one must take off our mask and find out our real identity and face our problems. It is what happen to George and Martha. 1. Edward ,Albee.1962. who is afraid of Virginia Woolf .penguin plays, London 2. Liliane ,Kerjan 1977.Le theatre d’Edward Albee .university of Ferrand,.Lille 3. Samuel ,Beckett 1999.Waiting for Godot . midnight edition.Normandy.

Product Failure (Malaysia) Essay

Product Failure Failure refers to the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineering. The criteria for failure are heavily dependent on context of use, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. A situation considered to be a failure by one might be considered a success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation. It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria. Finding useful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task. Failure can be differentially perceived from the viewpoints of the evaluators. A person who is only interested in the final outcome of an activity would consider it to be an Outcome Failure if the core issue has not been resolved or a core need is not met. A failure can also be a process failure whereby although the activity is completed successfully, a person may still feel dissatisfied if the underlying process is perceived to be below expected standard or benchmark. Failure to carry out a task Failure to perceive Failure to anticipate Fail product in local market In Malaysia, there is a lot of product failure and it just too numerous to say it one by one, most of them, it did not even catch the public attention, basically, the public don’t even know the existence of the particular product. There is so much factors that can leads to product failure. Failure causes are defects in design, process, quality, or part application, which are the underlying cause of the failure or which initiate a process which eads to failure. Rather than the simple description of symptoms that many product users or process participants might use, the term failure cause refers to a rather complete description, including the pre-conditions under which failure occurs, how the thing was being used, proximate and ultimate/final causes (if known), and any subsidiary or resulting failures that result. The term is part of the engineering lexicon, especially of engineers working to test and debug p roducts or processes. Carefully observing and describing failure conditions, identifying whether failures are reproducible or transient, and hypothesizing what combination of conditions and sequence of events led to failure is part of the process of fixing design flaws or improving future iterations. The term may be applied to mechanical systems failure. One of the product/brand that fail in Malaysia is: M . Mobile or simply known as M. Mobile is an R&D and mobile communication design company based in Malaysia. M. Mobile is Malaysia’s first cell phone manufacturer and is also the world’s first Muslim-owned mobile phone R&D and marketing company in a partnership between Malaysia and China. This company is currently in operation under its parent company, Kosmo Technology Industrial Berhad Type: Berhad Founded: 2005 Headquarters: Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia Key people: Norhamzah Nordin,Chairman Industry: Telecommunications Products: Mobile phones Website: M. Mobile M. mobile’s products: Factors that leads to this brand failure The reason why this brand failed in malaysia market because: M. mobile cannot give a better satisfaction to the consumer compare to their competitor that are well established in mobile technology sector such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson , Samsung etc. Promotion (marketing) M. mobile cannot compete with their competitors in term of : Price Features Quality After sales service Promotion M. mobile should have promote their product and brand more aggressively since they enter a market where most of them already loyal to a particular brand, M. obile did not market their product as well as their brand effectively, therefore they able to capture only few attention from the public, most Malaysian don’t even know the existence of the brand. Price Price offered by M. mobile considered less expensive, but somehow, consumer nowadays always think, â€Å"even though it’s not very expensive, but it’s still money, does it worth the money? † instead of taking a risk of buying t he product which they don’t really know the background of the company, consumer prefer to spend their money on trusted brand for the same price or a bit more. Left picture is NOKIA 2690 and on the right picture is M. obile M10, both phone has a pretty similar specification and the price is almost the same(RM300+), most consumer will go for NOKIA because they want to avoid risk from buying unestablishrd brand. Features Most M. mobile product is a low end product and it does not offer variety of features compare to their competitors. As we know, consumer nowadays demand for the latest technology, therefore as a mobile phone manufacturer, knowing the consumer needs and want is the main priority in coming up with a new product, most of the product produced by this company does not reach consumer expectation who demand for better technology. Quality The quality of the product produced by this company proven not to be as good as the other brand’s products, the materials they use to make the product is low in quality, from the mainboard(interior) to the exterior of the phone. After sales service After sales service is the service provided by the company to the customer of their product, M. mobile does not offer a good after sales service compared to another company like nokia and sony ericsson. It shows that the company do not really think about building a long and strong relationship with the consumer. How the product could be successful In order for this brand to be successful, there are so many things that the company have to take into account, its not easy becoming a great company in consumer eyes, there are several things that the company have to take into consideration especially the strength of the competitors, in order to be successful, a company need to have an advantage that can overcome the competitor’s strength. This is the reason why R&D very important in coming up with new product. The 1st thing M. obile have to focus on is their promotion, promotion plays an important part in creating a good image in consumer mind, since there’s a lot of well established company in mobile phone sector, M. mobile have to make a huge action in promoting their brand and product. Doing aggressive marketing by keep on promoting the product and brand is the best way to create a good image in consumer mind, of course it will cost a lot, but the return is way better. Psychologic ally, It’s a human nature, the more we hear n see it, the more we favor it, thus it will create the sense of security towards the product or brand. Price, features and quality are related to each other, this is one of the most important things a company need to think about, they need to know what type of product they want to come out with in term of the product’s quality level and the variety of it features, therefore they can set the price for the product, The company have to make sure the price is reasonable with the quality and the features of the product or else consumer will favor the competitors, M. obile comes out with one new product called M10 and the price for the product is around rm300+,Nokia as well comes out with a new product which is nokia 2690 and the price is almost the same with M. mobile m10, both model provide almost the same features, but in term of quality, we know nokia is better, consumer will think, why choose m. mobile instead of nokia? M. mobile have to make sure their offer can overcome their competitors offer, therefore consumer will find the advantage of choosing M. mobile’s products. May be it will take some time for M. obile to keep pace with the other established company in term of product quality and technology, but by putting a correct price, the company can attract more market and the company will grow. A company have to know how important word of mouth and how dramatic change it can do with the influence of word of mouth, satisfied customer will tell the others how good the product is, dissatisfied customer will spread the bad things about the product, do not give a high expectation to the consumer because the possibility of getting dissatisfied customer is high. After sales service is one of the thing people nowadays always talk about, M. mobile have to make sure they can deliver a good after sales service so that their customer will spread a good deal with the others. It is important for M. mobile building a strong and long relationship with the customer because it can create brand loyalty, once customer loyal to the product, they will keep on purchasing the product and influence other people into buying the same product. Good after sales service shows that the company really care about their customer and customer loves it when the company cares about their rights.

How duration affects the rate of electrolysis in a Voltaic Cell Essay

Design and Conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of ONE FACTOR on redox reactions. Introduction:- The two main components of redox reactions are reduction and oxidation. Reduction is a gain in electrons and the decrease in oxidation number whereas oxidation is the loss of electrons and the increase in oxidation number. Voltaic cells, also known as galvanic cells generate their own electricity. The redox reaction in a Voltaic cell is a spontaneous reaction. For this reason, voltaic cells are commonly used as batteries. Voltaic cell reactions supply energy which is used to perform work. The energy is harnessed by situating the oxidation and reduction reactions in separate containers, joined by an apparatus (known as the salt bridge which primarily completes a circuit and maintains electrical neutrality) that allows electrons to flow. The functions of a voltaic cell are quite simple. There happens to be an anode and a cathode. The positive ions go the negative electrode (anode) whereas the negative ions go to the positive electrode (cathode). Electrons always flow from the anode (where oxidation takes place) to the cathode (where reduction takes place). Electrons flow across wires whereas ions flow across the electrolyte and the salt bridge. Aim:- The objective of this experiment is to see how the time affects the mass of the zinc electrode (anode) and the copper electrode (cathode) in a voltaic cell. Variables:- Variable Type of variable How it will be controlled Time (s) Independent (The one you change) Values from 5 to 35 minutes will be used Mass of anode & cathode (g) Dependent (The one you measure) Electrodes will be measured after each time interval Current (A) Controlled Measure the current with the help on an ammeter Initial mass of cathode and anode (g) Controlled Weigh out the electrodes using top pan balance from the beginning of the experiment Charge on ion Controlled Use the same solution for all the trials. The charge on the copper ion should be 2+ since the copper 2+ is being converted to copper metal. The charge on the zinc ion should be 0 because Zn is being converted to Zn 2+ Concentration of electrolyte Controlled Use the same solution for all the trials. The solution primarily should be 1 mol dm-3 (just like standard conditions) Area of electrodes (cm2) Controlled Measure the electrodes to ensure they have the same dimensions (9Ãâ€"2.5cm). Use the same electrodes for all the trials. Volume of electrolyte (cm3) Controlled Use a measuring cylinder to measure out the electrolyte’s volume Atmosphere which we are working under Controlled Primarily we are working under standard room temperature of 298 K Apparatus:- * 1Ãâ€"22.5cm2 copper electrode * 1Ãâ€"22.5cm2 zinc electrode * 100cm3 1mol dm-3 Zinc sulphate solution * 100cm3 1mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution * Filter paper (required to create a salt bridge) * 100cm3 of potassium nitrate solution (the spectator ion which I will require for creating the salt bridge which will complete the circuit and maintain electrical neutrality) * 2x200cm3 beakers * Stopwatch (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01s) * 1x100cm3 measuring cylinder (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cm3) * Voltmeter * 2 connecting wires * Top pan balance (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) Method:- 1) Set up the voltaic cell. Use a measuring cylinder to measure out 100cm3 of copper sulphate solution. Pour it into the 200 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker. 2) Next do the same for zinc sulphate. Use a measuring cylinder to help measure out 100cm3 of zinc sulphate solution. Pour it into a different 200 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker. 3) Weigh the masses of the electrodes separately using a top pan balance. Record the initial masses. 4) Connect the wires to the outlets in the zinc and copper electrode. Place them in the corresponding outlets of the voltmeter. 5) After that we cut out some filter paper and dip that into our spectator ion (potassium nitrate) in order to build a salt bridge. The salt bridge will primarily complete the circuit, allow flow of ions and maintain electrical neutrality. The salt bridge will be placed in such a way that the ends of the salt bridge will be touching separate solutions of zinc sulphate and copper sulphate. The overall circuit should resemble the diagram in Figure.1. 6) Place the zinc electrode into the beaker with the zinc sulphate solution and the copper electrode into the beaker with the copper sulphate solution and at the same time, start the stopwatch. Keep the stopwatch running until 200 seconds elapse. *Note- we will be recording the time every 5 minutes because 1 or 2 minutes simply isn’t enough for the change to take place 7) Take the cathode out of the solution and measure its mass (remember, before doing so, shake it a couple of times in order to remove any moisture). Record the mass. Do the same for the zinc electrode 8) Place the electrodes into their respective solutions once again and start timing. Repeat steps 5 to 6 9) Repeat the same steps until we get mass readings for up to 60 minutes of experimenting. Data Collection and Processing Raw data:- – Initial mass of anode (zinc electrode): 31.29 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g – Initial mass of cathode (copper electrode): 32.05 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Table 1 – Mass of anode and cathode obtained from different time intervals Duration of electrolysis (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.21s) Mass of anode (zinc electrode) (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) Mass of cathode (copper electrode) (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) 300.00 (5 minutes) 31.27 32.08 600.00 (10 minutes) 31.14 32.16 900.00 (15 minutes) 31.08 32.27 1200.00 (20 minutes) 31.00 32.42 1500.00 (25 minutes) 30.83 32.49 1800.00 (30 minutes) 30.61 32.80 2100.00 (35 minutes) 30.25 33.08 Qualitative observations:- – We can see that the copper is deposited at the cathode where the cathode begins to get more pink/ brownish colour. – Blue colour of copper sulphate solution begins to get paler. – Zinc electrode begins to corrode a bit. Most corrosion can be observed at 35 minutes time interval. Note* – Uncertainties: The average reaction time was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5s even though it did alter from interval to interval. Note that there is also a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01s time uncertainty in the stopwatch itself. The uncertainty for mass is inscribed on the top pan balance as well. Data Processing: We must now calculate the mass changes which have taken place due to experimenting with different time intervals. (Different time intervals would result in a different mass change) This can be calculated simply by doing the following: Mass change = final mass – initial mass Due note however that this formula can only be used for calculating the mass change taking place at the cathode (copper electrode where reduction takes place). This is because copper 2+ is being converted to copper metal and is being deposited at the cathode. Obviously this would result in a mass gain at the cathode. Therefore, it would be better for us to use the formula ‘Mass change = final mass – initial mass’ so that it gives us a positive value for the mass change taking place at the cathode. Example 1 Mass change = final mass – initial mass => 32.08 – 32.05 => 0.03g Example 2 Now to calculate the mass change taking place at the anode (zinc electrode), we use the following formula, Mass change = initial mass- final mass. In this case we use this formula because we know that the zinc is being oxidized to zinc 2+ leading the zinc electrode to corrode. This therefore results in a decrease in mass of the anode (zinc electrode). Thus, it would be better for us to use the formula ‘Mass change = initial mass – final mass’ so that it gives us a positive value for the mass change taking place at the anode. Mass change = initial mass – final mass = > 31.29 – 31.27 = > 0.02 Table 2 -Mass changes of anode and cathode for each time interval Time (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.21s) Mass change of Anode (Zinc electrode)(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) Mass change of cathode (copper electrode) (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g) 300.00 (5 minutes) 0.02 0.03 600.00 (10 minutes) 0.15 0.11 900.00 (15 minutes) 0.21 0.22 1200.00 (20 minutes) 0.29 0.37 1500.00 (25 minutes) 0.46 0.44 1800.00 (30 minutes) 0.68 0.75 2100.00 (35 minutes) 1.04 1.03 Graph 1:- Graph 2:- To derive the equation for the two separate reactions, the number of electrons gained or lost during the process has to be deduced. The mass change per minute can be deduced from the gradient. Therefore we first calculate the gradient of graph 1 (mass changes for zinc electrode). For calculating the gradient, find two points which perfectly fits in the grid. In this case, the points (0.04. 100) and (0.08, 200) Gradient= (Y2 – Y1) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (X2 – X1) = (0.08- 0.04) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (200 – 100) = (0.04) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (100) = 0.0004 Therefore, the gradient of the first graph is 0.0002. So the mass change per minute for the anode is 0.0004. Next, we calculate the gradient of graph 2 (mass changes for copper electrode). To find the gradient, we work with the points (0.20. 500) and (0.24, 700) Gradient= (Y2 – Y1) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (X2 – X1) = (700 – 500) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.24- 0.20) = (200) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.04) = 0.0002 Therefore, the gradient of the first graph is 0.0002. So the mass change per minute for the cathode is 0.0002. The uncertainties also need to be propagated through the summation of the fractional uncertainties. Uncertainties regarding zinc electrode:- Fractional uncertainty of mass = absolute uncertainty à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ actual value = 0.01 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.02 = 0.500 Fractional uncertainty of time = absolute uncertainty à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ actual value = 0.21 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 300 = > 0.0007 = 0.001 Total uncertainty = 0.001 + 0.500 = 0.501 to 3 decimal places Therefore the rate of change is 0.004 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.501 g/s Table 3 – Rate of change for each time interval for anode (zinc electrode) Time (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.21s) Rate of change of anode (zinc electrode) (g/s) 60.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.501 120.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.067 180.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.048 240.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.035 300.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.022 360.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.015 420.00 0.004à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 To calculate the number of electrons in zinc electrode, the following equation may be used:- Number of electrons = molar mass à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mass of electrode (mass of one of the samples) = 65.37 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 31.27 = 2.09 Therefore, this would be the half-equation which would occur at the cathode: Zn–> Zn2.09+ + 2.09e- Due to the loss in a bit more electrons compared to the theoretical formula, it would be a stronger reducing agent therefore the electrode potential would be lower (more negative) than that of the original value. Nevertheless, the electrode potential cannot be determined. Uncertainties regarding copper electrode:- Fractional uncertainty of mass = absolute uncertainty à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ actual value = 0.01 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.03 = 0.333 Fractional uncertainty of time = absolute uncertainty à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ actual value = 0.21 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 300 = > 0.0007 = 0.001 Total uncertainty = 0.001 + 0.333= 0.334 to 3 decimal places Therefore the rate of change is 0.002 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.334 g/s Table 3 – Rate of change for each time interval for cathode (copper electrode) Time (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.21s) Rate of change of cathode (copper electrode) (g/s) 60.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.334 120.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.091 180.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.046 240.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.027 300.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.023 360.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.013 420.00 0.002à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.010 To calculate the number of electrons in copper electrode, the following equation may be used:- Number of electrons = molar mass à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ mass of electrode (mass of one of the samples) = 65.50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 32.08 = 2.04 Therefore, this would be the half-equation which would occur at the cathode: Cu2.04+ + 2.04e- –> Cu Due to the gain of a bit more electrons compared to the theoretical formula, it would be a slightly weaker oxidizing agent therefore the electrode potential would be slightly lower than that of the original value. Nevertheless, the electrode potential cannot be determined. Conclusion My results show that as the duration/ time intervals increase, the mass of the anode (zinc electrode) decreases and the mass of the cathode (copper electrode) increases. We can see that there is a strong positive correlation between the time it takes for both electrodes to change in masses. If the duration is longer, then more electrons flow from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode (anode to cathode) through the electrical wires, while ions flow through the salt bridge to complete. As we know, in a voltaic cell/ galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the anode (negative electrode) where as reduction occurs at the cathode (positive electrode). Primarily, zinc is oxidized at the anode and converted to zinc 2+. This causes corrosion at the zinc electrode due to the metal being converted to ions thus the mass of the zinc electrode (anode) decreases. On the other hand, copper undergoes reduction at the cathode and the copper 2+ ions get converted to copper metal. This causes the copper metal to be deposited at the cathode thus leading to the copper electrode (cathode) to increase in mass as the duration is increased. The following anodic reaction takes place at the zinc electrode (this is the theoretical equation):- Zn (s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- However the equation we found experimentally is:- Zn–> Zn2.09+ + 2.09e- Hence, this suggests that since the former zinc sample has more electrons to lose, it is an even stronger oxidizing agent compared to the theoretical equation and is slightly higher in the electrochemical series than the latter zinc samples. According to the results that have been gathered, there is a positive correlation between the time it takes to electrolyse an aqueous solution and the rate of electrolysis. The rate of electrolysis was measured using the mass of cathode. If the duration of electrolysis is longer, then more electrons will flow through the circuit and more ions will flow from the anode to the cathode. Oxidation occurs at the anode whereas reduction occurs at the cathode. The cathode gains electrons therefore the mass decreases. The following reaction has taken place (although this is the theoretical equation): Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- –> Cu (s) However, the experimental equation is: Cu1.75+ + 1.75e- –> Cu Therefore this implies that since the former copper sample has more electrons to gain, it is a stronger oxidizing agent and it is lower in the electrochemical series than the latter copper sample. The value of the electrode potential hasn’t been calculated, however, the number of electrons is 25% off there that shows that there is a great difference between the literature value and the experimental value. According to the graph in the previous page, there is a very strong positive correlation between the mass change and duration of electrolysis as can be deduced from the high R squared value. The change in mass over a certain period of time is very gradual because of the size of the electrons. Although a lot of electrons are able to flow through the electrolyte, there is not such a drastic change. By looking at the graph, almost all the error bars for the points touch the line of best fit which means the data is fairly accurate. The theoretical mass of a copper electrode would be 31.75g. From the results that have been tabulated, the mass of a copper electrode is 36.21g. The percentage error can be calculated using the following formula: Percentage error = difference x 100 theoretical value = 4.46 x 100 31.75 = 14.04% This shows that although there is not such a big difference between the theoretical value and the experimental value. Evaluation Limitation Type of error Improvement The mass of the anode was not measured therefore the rate of electron transfer between the two electrodes could not be determined. This could have increased or decreased the mass of the cathode. Random Measure the mass of the anode The power pack has internal resistance therefore not all the current was emitted. This could have decreased the current, thus decreasing the number of electrons produced. Random Use a resistor to accurately measure the current The top pan balance had a zero offset error. This could have increased the mass of the cathode. Systematic Use the top pan balance with the 0.001 uncertainty to obtain more accurate values. a

Sweatshops Working Condition

Sweatshops Working Condition Sweatshops refer to working conditions that are dangerous and unhealthy for any human being to work. People working in sweatshops are forced to work for long hours without receiving adequate pay regardless to the laws enacted to govern the workplace. Though the employees work for long hours which may exceed the normal working hours in a day, they are not paid for overtime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sweatshops Working Condition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In sweatshops, employees are exploited and overworked by their employers. The employer also prohibits such employees from joining workers unions which can protect them. Though sweatshops have unfavorable working condition and the employees are paid less, the sweatshops provide a means for the low class people to earn a living. Sweatshop conditions are usually in manufacturers and companies with unfair, risky and dirty working environment. These conditions exploit workers who cannot afford employment in a good environment. They create opportunities for uneducated and unskilled young people to work and earn a living. This encourages students to drop out of school and seek employment in the sweatshops. Additionally, some companies take advantage of children and overwork them sweatshops. They capitalize on child labor and force children to work like adults (Featherstone United Students Against Sweatshops 2002). Companies which contract sweatshops to manufacture their products claim their practice in good for them since they are able to take advantage and compete favorably offering low cost products to their customers. Social economists and analysts have varied views on that issue. Some say that, use of sweatshops labor harm workers who lose job when a company contract manufacturing works abroad (Fraser, 2001). Machines that are used by workers in sweatshops are poorly maintained and dangerous to operate. These faulty equipments cause in juries to workers. Some workers suffer minor injuries while others suffer severe injuries that leave them disabled. When a worker is injured the employer fails to take responsibility and leaves the employee to suffer alone. Other injuries make workers unable to do their job and they are fired. In such cases, the employer fires the affected employees without compensation. Poor ventilation in manufacturing factories results in poor air circulating. This makes the place stuffy and increases the chances of contracting airborne diseases. Due to lack of proper ventilation, the workers are affected by poisonous gas which they breathe from materials being processed. This leads to workers suffering from health problems. Additionally, there are conditions where there are bugs and rodents. These make the situation worse resulting in diseases (Thomas J. DiLorenzo (2006).Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Le arn More Even if sweatshops provide job opportunities, working in a sweatshop is not the best option for employees. They would opt to work in better working environment. It is seen that in sweatshops, workers are forced to work for long hours and in return, they receive low pay. Companies try to keep their cost low by giving low wages and fail to meet the requirements of minimum pay standards. These wages are low and are considered starvation pay. Sweatshops increase with growth in industrialization which creates new job vacancies. The new job opportunities attract people and they leave farming to join the factories. The conditions in the factories are grim: workers operate machinery without safety gadgets, poorly ventilated workplaces and in environment vulnerable to accidents, fire and even suffer from physical abuse. Businesses opt to use sweatshops in their search to minimize cost of production through cheap labor and maximize profit. They exploit workers by providing ha rsh working conditions and taking advantage of people who are desperately looking for jobs (Sweatshops, 2010). Sweatshops violate human rights and do not provide protection to employees at the workplace. Working in a sweatshop is risky to one’s health. The conditions of a sweatshop are not fit for human health. Sweatshop owners are the sole beneficially and regard workers in their factory as expenditure and they do not treat them like human beings. Workers receive low wages to keep the company expenditures low. The workers decide to stay in the sweatshop with all the harsh conditions because they can easily lose the opportunity. There is no room to bargain since workers are forced to take the position, or forfeit the opportunity. It is evident that in sweatshops there is low demand for more human labor and this makes managers to enslave their workers (Williams, 1999). Sweatshops have always been dangerous and uncomfortable for workers. The working conditions in the sweatshops do not pay well as the average modern white color jobs. Though the working conditions are unfavorable, most of the things used in everyday life such as clothes and shoes are made in these sweatshops. People imagine that the items they use are made in clean automated factories where workers are well remunerated. The society imagines that no pain or suffering is involved when developing these goods. When people realize the conditions that the workers go through when producing goods in sweatshops, they are quick to judge and curse the employers for mistreating the employees. However, it is important to note that these factories provide jobs for the low working class in the society. Without these jobs, such people would be in abject poverty. This would only lead to more people begging on the streets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sweatshops Working Condition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If there are a lot of unem ployed people in the society, other problems would arise as well. There would be increased prostitution and crime. This would not promote quality of their life instead; it would further deteriorate and put their lives in danger. People who work in sweatshop remain there for a long time because they are not qualified for better jobs. Though it is evident that the sweatshops owners exploit their employees, they also present to them a livelihood. The employers find that it is not possible to increase the wages for the workers since these would translate to a loss on their side. The only logical method to end the problem of sweatshops that would not lead to employer making loses would be to automate the process of production. This would lead to the workers losing their jobs. Though the employer would require a huge capital to set up the machinery for the company, it would lead to high production in the long run. The company would be able to produce more goods at prices affordable by the average consumer. However, this would have the disadvantage of rendering most of the workers jobless. Having human workers at the factories doing the work that would otherwise be done using machinery increases the cost of production. This also reduces the number of products produced per unit time. This translates to high prices for the goods produced; these goods end up unaffordable to the average consumer. The customers would no longer afford the goods that the company produces due to increased prices. The employees who work in the sweatshops prefer to maintain the status quo since this would mean that they will keep their jobs although the working conditions are unfavorable. Companies that capitalize on using sweatshop labor are able to sell their products at lower prices compared to the companies that do not use sweatshop labor. Sweatshops labor is voluntary and people who decide to work there do it because they feel they are unable to acquire a better job due to various reasons such as level of education or qualification. Due to the intensity of work at sweatshops, a lot of labor force is required. Therefore, a sweatshop is able to employ a lot of people who would otherwise be jobless. Research indicates that most people who support sweatshops are employees who work there. This is because, such employees are aware of the fact that if they would demand high payment for their work, the employers would not be able to sustain them. This is because; the business would become unstable due to high cost of production. In an attempt to lower the cost of production, the employers would be forced to seek less costly labor such as use of machines and automation.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the employers are not able to make profit, there would be less investment in other new businesses as well. This would lead to slow economic growth for the country, and in turn, the currency would weaken. Weakening of the currency of a country would lead to poor quality of life for all citizens. For example, the Americans citizens protested against the outsourcing of the textile mills. The companies wanted to outsource because they felt that the factories were horrible and polluted the environment. There was also the problem of low wages for the employees who worked in those companies and poor working conditions. However, the Americans protested against the idea of outsourcing the textile mills because, despite being unfavorable, employment at the textile mills was the only job that they could secure (Woog, 2003). If the employees are provided with better working conditions and they are paid well, the cost of production would increase. This will lead to the company increasing the cost of the goods sold in order to cover for the production cost. Due to increased cost of goods and services offered by such companies, less people in the society will afford the items due to the sudden increase in cost. This would lead to reduced sales. If people do not buy the products, the company would have less money to spend on its employees and thus, it would be forced to either fire the employees or reduce their wages in order to sustain them. Such company will be forced to either pay the workers less and less, or continue firing its employees until it shuts down. The employer would opt to replace the large number of people with a machine that would be able to produce more goods per unit time at a lower cost of production compared to people working in the sweatshops (Sweatshops, 2010). Though the working conditions of a sweatshop are unfavorable, they are a good source of income and provide employment opportunities to many people. It is through these sweatshops that most lo w income earners are able to afford food for their families. References Featherstone, L., United Students Against Sweatshops. (2002). Students against  sweatshops. London: Verso. Fraser, J. A. (2001). White-collar sweatshop: The deterioration of work and its rewards in corporate America. New York: Norton.  Sweatshops. (2010). Detroit, Mich: Gale. Thomas J. DiLorenzo (2006). How Sweatshops Help the Poor. Retrieved from https://mises.org/library/how-sweatshops-help-poor. Williams, M. E. (1999). Child labor and sweatshops. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press. Woog, A. (2003). A sweatshop during the industrial revolution. San Diego, Calif: Lucent Books.